Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude Essay Example for Free

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude EssayAs decl argond by B lack (2001), instructors stress is rising due to such factors as greater time constraints, low salaries, excessive name overloads, lack of involvement in decision making and problems with school disciplines. Teachers suffer, due to in fall apart of to the low-pay-high-cost-of-living gap. Decisions handed from the top d profess leave teachers feeling like more trainers than educators. Teaching in low performing schools should be a rewarding experience, yet these schools are labelled failures. These are confounded as around educators are seen publicly lambasting others. The nurture community is on edge. With all the finger pointing and name calling, it is a wonder teacher whoremaster push this negativism out of their minds while they turn their full attention on their students (Nichols, 2006). Furthermore, a nationwide survey conducted by the Rural Editorial Service of the University of Chicago reported in July 2006 that affair satisfaction depends besides such factors as the communitys attitude toward them and the schools, the quality of educational leadership, the amount of responsibility granted to teachers, adequate housing facilities, teacher welfare benefits, and others.In point of fact, thither were signal improvements in teachers conditions of service throughout the year. New or liberalized retirement plans were authorized by well over half the states, and mark registrations were reduced to thirty in Maryland and Arkansas. In the Philippines, one of the major problems in the Department of Education is the shortage of trained and competent teachers. Major solid ground of this shortfall is that a number of trained teachers turn to other types of trade and some went abroad for greater employment opportunity.Generally, as observed that some teachers are disillusioned, demoralized and confused at universe forced to carry out unpopular Government policies, while being constantly blamed for the societys ills. Some factors might have created dissatisfaction amongst teachers will probably include references to discipline problems created by unruly pupils, class sizes, the introduction of the National Curriculum, and lowered professional status.excess factors withal include level of salaries and benefits, increased clear-related pressures, like having too many forms to be filled up, the here and now changes of different proposed programs of the department, the concern over employment security like the close to recently problem on the Government Security Insurance System (GSIS) and less(prenominal)ening support for education on the part of political opportunities. As someone who has spent many years work as a schoolteacher at the same time a school In charge in one of the schools in Davao City, and had continually work closely with teachers especially in the schools in the interland. I have observe that some teachers are somewhat fed up with having to teach child ren in even larger classes, working in schools which are dilapidated, underfunded and overstretched. Taking in to account that most of these teachers are working away from their home and family and could only go home weekly, or the least once a month due to the distance of the schools they are assigned. However, soils located in the hinterland such as Paquibato, had most number of teacher applicants e really year.Reason of this scenario could be the fact that many teachers are applying for final payment out to the nearby schools after a one or two years of service and that applicant could be hired easily. Nevertheless, some teachers had tenured in this district up to their retirement period and some had flourished and raised their professional status and positions. The ground for conducting this study is that it is intended to shed light on what influences how teachers feel nearly their work and profession so that positive job-related attitudes may be cultivated. Theoretical Bac kgroundThe Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the innovation for job satisfaction theory. It is founded in the premise that goals or needs underpin by being the fundamental source of all desires. This theory explains that people want to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does non feel the second need until the adopts of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on (Evan,2010).According to Hackman Oldham (2007), Frederick Herzbergs Two factor theory (also cognize as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors motivation and hygienics factors, respectively. An employees motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to pee-pee personal and organizational goals.Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example performance in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These prompt factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.However, Path-Goal Theory contends that the leader must motivate subordinates by (1) emphasizing the relationship between the subordinates own needs and the organizational goals (2) clarifying and facilitating the path subordinates must take to fulfill their own needs as well as the organizations needs (google. com,2010) Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory (Jackson April 2007). Accordingly, it is a very ecumenical theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job.This commence became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Moreover, a significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the nub Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism.This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (Wikipedia,2010). Evans (2001), gives eight stages progression for a teacher moving from a modest level of job satisfaction towards a higher level of job satisfaction towards which is serviceful.These are the following first is being aware that there is a problem. Being aware that there is an issue, and agreeing what issue is, is by far the most important aspect of seeking to change a situation. Then devising a strategy. Once they know what the issue is that they are addressing they can start work on devising a strategy to shed light on it. It is followed by effecting the new strategy. It means that once they have decided what to do, they have to start work on implementing this strategy. Fourth stage is awareness of having made changes work. This implies that there is excellent communication in school.Next stage is perception that this is all worthwhile. By this stage everyone needs to st art feeling better about the work being undertaken. Then sixth stage is each teacher needs to feel good about his or her own contribution to the scheme of change. In this way, teachers become not only positive about the change programme, but they also see their contribution as being significant. Seventh is a sentiency of achievement. This comes from the feeling of a job well done. Lastly is job fulfilment and job comfort. By this stage teachers feel good about themselves and about the job and most important about their ability to affect their meaningful way.However, according to Weis, (2010) job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the revolve of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Stress as defined by Hans Selye, is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. It is not nervous tension, but the wear and tear of life.Stress describes the effects of the bodys reaction to pressure. The source of stress, called stressor, may be strictly physical, social, or psychological. The mind may interpret it as pleasant or unpleasant. Whatever meaning it gives, the mind sends it via two pathways. One pathway, is known as the unconscious appraisal pathway, is responsible for the physical and emotional reflexes of the body. The other pathway, responsible for voluntary actions, is used for perception, evaluation, and decision making. In this other pathway, the individual is made aware of the environmental demands.As he perceives his situation, he interprets it according to his previous experiences, value system, self-concept, ego-strengths, attitudes and feelings. Emotions are usually aroused which in turn give color to the persons interpretation (Fabella, 2008). According to Good Heal th Handbook, life and stress are interwoven with each other. It depends on how you view life and how stress affects you. Stress is a highly individual phenomenon. It is strange in its own way because when it occurs it becomes difficult for the body and mind to adjust to the pattern of life.However, Fabella stated in his book, that stress can be minimized and channelled for growth and development, and life can be filled with joy, peace, love and security. He added accordingly, that stress- resilient people have been observed to have a specific set of attitudes toward life- an openness to change, a feeling of involvement in whatever they are doing, and a sense of control over events. He win said that man who places his entire self in the sphere of work neglecting love (family) and play (sports, hobbies, socializing, friendships) decreases his overall adaptability.If he defines his existence in terms of achievement in his work, he will find that if for external reasons (i,e. , poor h ealth) or ennui ( loss of interest or loss of faith in his employer) his work loses meaning, then so will his life. He will become demoralized, confused, and unable to function. Mayo Clinic stated that there is a link between work approach and job satisfaction. Work is often approached from three perspectives. Usually all three perspectives are important for job satisfaction, but one is often the priority prototypic is, Its a job.If you approach work as a job, you focus primarily on the financial rewards. In fact, the nature of the work may hold subaltern interest for you. Whats important is the money. If a job with more pay comes your way, youll likely move on. Next is, Its a career. If you approach work as a career, youre enkindle in advancement. You want to climb the career ladder as far as possible or be among the most highly regarded professionals in your field. Youre incite by the status, prestige and power that come with the job. The third is, Its a calling.If you approa ch your job as a calling, you focus on the work itself. You work less for the financial gain or career advancement than for the fulfillment the work brings. One approach isnt necessarily better than the others. But it is helpful to reflect on why work if unsatisfied with the job and are ready to move on. Think about what originally drew on the current job, and whether it may be a factor in lack of job satisfaction. Additionally, the Clinic noted several ways to increase job satisfaction depending on the underlying cause of the lack of job satisfaction. One is by Improving job skills.Keeping abreast to the new strategies and techniques, and by attending seminars. Developing a new project also helps. Working on something one care about can boost confidence. Mentoring a co-worker. Once a job is mastered, it is a becoming routine. Helping a new co-worker or an intern advance his or her skills can restore the challenge and the satisfaction you desire. However, when personal abilities do not match the responsibilities, boredom will attack. Keep in mind that boredom can literally be deadly if a job involves working with machinery or caring for people, oft more on dealing with children.If the mind is wandering to the point that a life or the lives of others is put in jeopardy, take action now. Stay positive. utilisation positive thinking to reframe thoughts about the job. Changing ones attitude about work will not necessarily happen overnight or increase job satisfaction overnight. Stop negative thoughts. Put things in perspective. Look for the silver lining. Reframing can help find the good in a bad situation. Learn from mistakes. Failure is one of the greatest learning tools, but many people let failure defeat them. Be grateful. Gratitude can help focus on whats positive about the job.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices For Students Education Essay

Developmentally Appropriate Practices For Students Education EssayDevelopmentally appropriate practices (DAP) describe an approach to education that focuses on the child as a takeing human being and lifelong learner. This approach recognized the child as an active participant in the study process a participant who constructs meaning and intimacy through interaction with others, friends and family, materials and environment (Houser, D. Osborne, C). Developmentally appropriate practices require drillers to make decisions in the class get on by combining their knowledge of child ontogeny with an understanding of the individual child to achieve desired and meaningful outcomes (Houser, D. Osborne, C). Research shows that educationally appropriate practices ensure success in the former(a) grades (Novella, R.). The approach fosters active participation by the child in the learning process. In this process of learning, the teacher acts as the facilitator and guides the child through the activities of the day, in cast to reach an outcome the child feels is meaningful. The NAEYC has supportive evidence that suggests that the success or failure of a child in his or her early stages in take aim could predict the outcome of how they perform later in school (Houser, D. Osbourne, C). This is why thither is so much importance placed upon developmentally appropriate practices. Teachers look at to visit that teaching methods do turn over an effect on how students academically develop later in life. An adaptation from the Developmentally Appropriate Practices in ahead of time Childhood Programs, published by the NAEYC, mentions guidelines to help teachers through the DAP process. The Franklin Public Schools, in Franklin MA, made an adaption of the guideline aras, and divided them into four major argonas. The areas menti unrivalledd are environment, curriculum, assessment, and directional strategies.Since there is such an importance placed on developmentally appr opriate practices, teachers can look at these four major areas to help foster positive learning and optimal development of young children. In the environment area, teachers create an engaging, and responsive environment to enhance the childs learning and development. This type of DAP is applicable to all grade levels. The classroom is supposed to enhance exploration, observation, experiment, and allow for risk taking in a safe environment. If students feel comfortable within their environment, then creative learning leave behind occur. Curriculum planning should be based on how children learn best. For teachers to effectively employ DAP, they must have a thorough understanding rough how children develop and learn, therefore, combining this knowledge with the frameworks designated by a breachn state, teachers should be equipped with adequate resources to help children reach his or her full potential. To optimize each childs take place in learning, instructional strategies can be used by teachers to ensure success. An example a teacher might use as an instructional scheme would be to observe and interact with whole groups, small groups, or even individually. The benefit to instructional strategies is that it helps students to be motivated and promotes the willingness to take risks. Teachers should ask questions, make comments, and give feedback. This will help stimulate childrens thinking and learning. Assessment in a developmentally appropriate classroom is ongoing, authentic, and purposeful. The developmental needs of students are assessed, teachers adapt instruction to these needs, and the results of assessment are used to improve instruction.Development is an grave aspect to how and why children learn. Children pass through several stages before becoming adults. in that respect are four stages of growth where children learn certain things infancy (birth to age two), early childhood (ages 3 to 8), later childhood (ages 9 to 12), and adolescence (ages 1 3 to 18) (Borgen, W. Norman, E.). For teachers to effectively teach and understand students, the need to identify developmental deportment is a necessity. Adolescence is the arrivening of a more complex thinking process. Since this age group encompasses those from the ages of thirteen to eighteen, teens in this developmental phase experience a variety of behavioral changes. The Adolescent Assessment textbook mentions that in cognitive development, thinking changes both quantitatively and qualitatively during adolescence. Adolescents can think faster and more efficiently than children (Gumbiner, 2003, p.27). Typical cognitive behaviors that insubstantial youth encounter are maturation advanced reasoning skills, developing abstract thinking skills, and developing the ability to think about thinking (Novella, R.). Advanced reasoning skills involve solutioning the question, what if? This skill entangles thinking about quadruplex options and possibilities. The use of more hypothe tical and logical thinking skills are used to process information. Abstract thinking is the use of thinking about things that do not actually exist. Prime examples of this type of thinking skill would be religion, faith, or trust. The development of the ability to think about thinking is a process cognise as meta-cognition. As defined by Websters dictionary, meta-cognition is the awareness or analysis of ones own learning or thinking process. This thinking strategy can be used to improve learning, and an example of this development strategy would be creating mnemonic devices. Cognitive development changes can affect teens in a number of meanss. superstar affect is that teens demonstrate a heightened level of self consciousness. Teens tend to believe that everyone is as concerned with their thoughts and behaviors as they are. Teens also tend to believe that no one has ever experienced the same feelings or emotions as they have. The coined phrase drama queen comes to mind in regard to this statement. In adolescent youth, often perceive phrases are, Youll never understand, or You have ruined my life. Another typical cognitive behavior in the adolescent youth is the, It cant happen to me or the, Im unvanquishable syndrome. Teens often use this belief to make risks resembling drinking and driving, smoking, or other harmful and thoughtless behavioral decisions, without thinking of the consequences. Cognitive behaviors such as the tendency to become overly cause-oriented and to exhibit a justice orientation are also very present in adolescent development. An example of cause-oriented behavior would be a teen becoming vegetarian after reading about cruelty to animals. Justice oriented behavior is the tendency of teens to point out flaws mingled with adults words and their actions. Teens may confront their parents by saying something like, But you let Johnny (big brother) go to the prom when he was a sophomore. They see little room for error and view points are seen more in black and white, rather than gray.The adolescent youth face many mixer and emotional development issues. At the adolescent stage in a teens life, establishing an identity, autonomy, and achievement are important developmental components (Novella, R.). As a teenager, one of the most important tasks is trying to answer the question, Who am I? This question, however, is one that teens think about throughout the course of their adolescent years. Teens use the thoughts and opinions of others to come to their own likes and dislikes. They begin to integrate the opinions of people like their parents, other adults, and friends to come their own beliefs and values. Teens who have a secure identity know where they do, or dont fit in the world. A very important social developmental component is the ability for teens to establish autonomy. Autonomy does not mean being a loner and totally self-directed from others. Autonomy refers to becoming an independent person within relationsh ips (Novella, R). This means that teens have gained the ability to make independent decisions based on what they feel is right or wrong. Autonomy is important for adolescent teens because it helps them become less emotionally dependent on parents. To become self-sufficient in society, autonomy is a necessary achievement for teens. Achievement is also an important social development behavior for teens because it helps them realize their strengths and weaknesses. Competition and success are valued attitudes in the American culture. The American culture is immensely influenced by competition. on that point has been a large increase in the number of reality shows produced like, American Idol and Americas Got Talent. These shows epitomize the essence of completion in American culture today. individuation and purpose, in social cognition development, as stated in the Adolescent Assessment textbook, mentions that, moral reasoning is based on rewards and self-interest. In other words, a t eenager will work hard to obtain good grades to be accepted to a prestigious university (Gumbiner, 2003, p.27). Teens need to study their strengths and realize where their achievement preferences are, and in what areas they are willing to strive for success (Novella, R.). Every teenager is unique and will invariably experience different social and emotion development issues.There are a variety of typical behavior patterns of social behavior development. Teens begin to spend more time with their friends than their parents. Also, teens may begin to keep a journal as part of tracking ones own thought and opinions. This method helps teens work through how they feel. Teens may begin to lock their bedroom door. This is a trend teens wish to establish privacy. Other behaviors include the involvement of multiple hobbies and the elusiveness about where they are going or with whom. Teens may become more argumentative, or not want to be seen with parents in public. Although teens may be more argumentative and not want to be seen in public with parental figures, they may begin to view parents more as people. Teens may start asking questions like, I wonder what my parents were like as a teen? (Novella, R.).Britannica Encyclopedia defines psychomotor learning as, development of organized patterns of muscular activities guided by signals from the environment. This type of behavior combines cognitive functions and physical movements. Learning is demonstrated by physical skills such as movement, strength, speed, etc. An example of psychomotor assessment that the Classroom Assessment textbook mentions would include testing of students keyboarding skills in computer class or students prowess in shooting a basketball in gym class (Popham, 2008, p.35). In psychomotor development, the focus is on coordinated learning from the arms, hands, feet, fingers, while verbal processes are not emphasized. For adolescent teens, behavioral examples would include driving a car, and any eye-han d coordination tasks, such as athletics, or playing musical instruments.For teachers, the cognitive, social/emotional, and psychomotor development of adolescent teenagers can have an impact on learning. It is important for teachers to know what they can do to effectively reach teenage students. It would be beneficial for teachers to be able to relate to his/her students in whatever way possible. Gaining respect from teens is an important element that can aid teachers in behavioral development. If students know you listen and headache about them, you will earn their respect, and they will be more likely to share their feelings. To combat the cognitive behavior of it cant happen to me, teachers can stand opportunities for teens to participate in supervised risky behavior such as extreme sports. Lots of schools have athletic teams like wrestling, or rugby, which are wild sports. Teens tend to want to get involved with things that have deeper meanings, so encouraging students to get involved with community service activities, or other school cerebrate activities, like student government, can greatly benefit student behavior. Teachers can take the opportunity to discuss students view and opinions about certain topics in the news, or on television. This can help with the development of personal beliefs, and help engage students to think independently. The impact of learning that the social/emotional development can have on teens is that this is the time when teens are trying to establish themselves. Assigning activities like weekly personal reflections or discussions of current events could help teens begin to think about their own thoughts and opinions in certain topics areas. This also helps students gain confidence in discussing their beliefs in front of the class. Another useful method may be to include more group involvement. Since teens like to be with other teens, let them work on tasks together. This could encourage social and problem solving skills.It i s important for teachers to take development into consideration when planning lessons and activities for the classroom. Knowing how and why students act the way they do is important to effectively reaching the classroom audience. Since adolescent teenagers are concerned with friends, image, psychomotor development tasks, such as sports, then knowing these motivational behaviors can help a teacher know how to get through to his/her students. If you have an educational objective that is pretty cut and dry, then finding a way to either incorporate kinesthetic movement, or social interaction will believably increase the likely hood that students will master that objective. At the adolescent age, teenagers are very focused on factors other than school. It would be beneficial for teachers to realize the cognitive, social/emotional, and psychomotor development behavior of teens at this age. This would allow the teacher to have a better grasp on why students behave the way they do. Teacher s can have a major impact on students during this time in their life. There are a variety of changes, both physical and non-physical that are occurring to students in the adolescent stages of development. Teens face both challenges at home and at school. A teacher can benefit by being open tending(p) and creative in creating lesson plans. Teens at this age enjoy moving around, working in groups, and talking out loud, so incorporating these elements into projects or assessments may prove to be successful. Lastly, the importance of being a good listener will be stressed again. Students at this age have a lot going on in their lives. Having a teacher who is willing to develop a personal relationship with his/her students creates a trusting environment. A trusting environment will strike to respect respect leads to open ears, open ears leads to mastery of knowledge, and mastery of knowledge leads to a happy classroom.

Emerging Real Estate Market in Mumbai

Emerging genuinely soil Market in MumbaiIntroductionIndia has firmed up its drift in the world production line quadruplet prompting global business houses to sit up and take a fresh view on India as a business and investment destination. In the uttermost deuce years, Indian economy has enceinte well despite natures fury or otherwisewise global adverse events. India is fast establishing itself as an alternative to china in a variety of orbits, particularly IT-ITES, manufacturing, and echt commonwealth. The most spectacular revivification has been that of the real estate sector, which is back in business with a bang. saucily projects, superior prize product, new proceeds corridors, increased infrastructure spending, amounting damage of finance and interest, and ontogenesis capa urban center of common man in the key reasons behind the starchy emergence in real estate grocery store. With acquit commercialiseplace being extremely volatile, investment in real es tate has begun to look beautiful and war deal with typical yields of 10-12% per annum be realizable, even though specific shine is always linked to property specific factors, dynamics of real estate commercialise and the boilersuit economical performance.Real estate is fast turning step up to be a compulsive investment bet as comp ard to other investment vehicles much(prenominal) as capital and debt markets, bullion market etc. It attracts investors by offering a possibility of stable income yields, mode enjoin capital appreciation, tax structuring benefits and spunkyer(prenominal) bail being tangible asset. With these prime factors thither atomic lean 18 some(prenominal) micro factors responsible for the returns on investment and those argon location of the property in openhanded and micro context, the usage of property, the quality of tenant, the capital value and achievable rental, the prevailing structures of property tax and stamp duty.The study accepts the ma cro economic factors that make India a favourable investment destination. The purpose of the study is to give a comprehensive overview of the emerging Real Estate market of Mumbai. Todays market is at a stage of ambiguity so a dilate study is required in this respect. In the final report elabo p turn up analysis exiting be carried turn up by fragmenting the market into residential, Commercial and sell space. An overview of each of these markets is include in the current report. The study will also include what are the mingled financing options in the emerging markets currently. A contingented survey will be carried out for the final report found on a questionnaire and will be send out to the various players ( undercover Equity funds, Domestic Financial institutions, Local Real Estate Developers and property Consultants to assess the various options available for Fund raising. Currently an introduction is also included on the same.Characteristics of the Real Estate Market in IndiaWith reference to the availability of infrastructure facilities, avocation cities are currently attracting MNCs/ corporal/real estate developers storey I cities, Mumbai (Commercial hub), Delhi (Political hub) and Bangalore (Technological hub)Preferred option for many new market entrantsCommand the highest international profiles and crucial proportion of FDIOffer qualified labour pool and the better(p) infrastructure facilitiesExhibit development of sub-urban m starymaking(prenominal)-grade real estateYield of 9.5 10%(Real Estate Sector The India Story Submitted by Miss Sonia Sahni Asst Manager incarnate and Investment confideing, ABN AMRO Bank, Nariman Point, Mumbai)2.0 Macro-Economic Factors IndiaBackground of the Economy of India during 2008 and early 2009Last year 2008 was quiet a shock for the real-estate sector in India subsequently the flesh out of the previous tercet years where the property market registered a return of more than 30-40% every year. The sector had confront a down trend where the property prices corrected by over 30%. This was due to the sub-prime crisis in the United States and also the correcting Capital Markets and bankruptcy of the MNCs and the Banks. This resulted in loss of liquidity and hence a fall in demand. In August 2008 the inflation reached as high as 13% which force a knee jerk reaction from the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) to cut the cash reserve ratio, the repo and the reverse repo rate which warranted the Banks to lend less and as a result of the further deficit in liquidity the real-estate market took a plunge.However, the economy has regain by leaps and bounce and which is reflected by the map be commencementsurface-to-air missile Mahtani, emerging equities manager at FC, is confident on Indias economic prospects. Over the next 10 years, UBS estimates economic activity in India will increase by around 8.5% a year, a rate comparable with China and beyond the global average. We think that this maturement rate could be achievable if Indian policymakers go away to undertake structural reforms in the economy.Over the next five dollar bill years, the government is committing an estimated US$500 billion to road, rail, port and other vitally regarded upgrades. If the function legislation is put in place and managed effectively, this could re march the springboard for long-term economic growth rates in excess of Chinas, he believes.GDP of IndiaThe chart shows that the GDP growth rate of India and China are faraway ahead than any other solid ground in the world. This shows that the standard of living in the country is high. GDP reflects the add together income, the sum output and the total disbursal of the country. The economy of the country is the twelfth largest in the world as per the recent market qualify rate and it is ranked number four as per buying power parity. It is the 2nd fastest growing economy in the world. The service sector of India contributes more tha n 50% to the GDP and real-Estate sector is the third largest among it. Mumbai is the sole largest subscriber to the national GDP and the economics of Mumbai further supports the fact.The in a higher place figure shows the long term growth rate of GDP of India against the Developed counties of the World.Economy of India (mid 2009) and its impact on Real EstateHowever the economic condition of the country has improved in the pull through year. This was a great precedent for the Real-estate sector in India and especially Mumbai. It has always been witnessed during recession that the financial cities of the world take the hardest hit but on the other hand recovery is quickly as well. The inflation rate in India is 0.30% on 1st December 2009. The CRR is 5% and repo rate is 4.75% and reverse repo rate 3.25% which is commendable and which has increased liquidity in the market and as a result of this the property prices conquer gone up in the country. The stock market has recovered exc eedingly well and it had an almost 50% ski lift than the last years index. This has further increased the confidence amongst the analysts and the investors. In Mumbai the property rates select accelerated and it is non far behind the rates which were witnessed during the boom period. Mumbai has seen a constant price in the property prices since mid 2009 due to the strengthening of the economy. cum CBRE report 2009By 2030 India will need up to 10 gazillion new housing units per year. Rapid commonwealth growth, rising incomes, decreasing household sizes and a housing shortage of currently 20 million units will call for extensive residential construction. The financing of owner-occupied housing in particular holds out enormous market potential. (Deutsche Bank Report May 8, 2006). tribe in IndiaIndia is the 2nd most populated country in the world at present after China. However, as per the numbers projected in a United Nations Report states that the Indian race would be more than the Chinese population by 2050.(Population of India is also set to take over China by 2050 as per the UN report.)1.0 MUMBAI OVERVIEWMumbai, the capital metropolis of the state of Maharashtra, is the one of the largest metropolis in India. Known as the financial capital of the country, the city contributes almost 5% of Indias GDP. It is a multi-functional city with a vast array of economic opportunities, which has resulted in attracting a large migratory population from all over. The city sports a highly cosmopolitan environment with an intricate urban structure. Mumbai has long been home to several large international companies and is invariably the first choice for a new ecesis entering India.Demographic PatternGreater Mumbai accounts for 13% of Maharashtras population and 1.2% of Indias population1. The rate of growth of population has gone down but has been higher than the growth rate of Maharashtra.Source Census of IndiaOver 1901-71 period, the population in the is buck city was steadily increasing and was more than that of the suburbs. However, during the last 3 decades the population growth in the is go through city has been negligible whereas that in the suburbs is increasing at a rapid rate. Among the suburbs, the occidental suburbs (ward H, K, P and R) are more densely populated than the easterly suburbs (ward L, M, N, S and T). The following graph indicates the projected population growth in Greater Mumbai.The above graph further illustrates that the population of Mumbai is set of increase manifoldly, as against the other Metros of the country.2.0 MUMBAI REAL ESTATE MARKET OVERVIEWThe is realm city of Mumbai is the commercial capital and economic growth engine of India. Originally composed of seven small is bucks, land reclamation and infill carried out during the 18th and 19th century integrated these islands into a continuous peninsula (Deshpande and Arunachalam,1981). solution as a seaport on the west microscope slide of the Indian peninsu la, Mumbai has steadily diversified its economic base to include value-added manufacturing and financial services. The countrys central bank, the Reserve Bank of India and two of Indias largest stock exchanges, the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange are all located here. Mumbai accounts for tenth part of factory employment and value-added manufacturing, while the port handles more than trine of the total value of foreign trade (Deshpande, 1996), making the Brihan Mumbai Municipal skunk one of the richest, with a budget of more than USD 1.2 billion (Mohan, 2003), exceeding the budget of gild States and Union Territories of India. This economic growth is sustained by and in turn, drives the steady influx of migrants from outlandish and regional centres of the country.Consequently, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is one of the fastest growing regions of India. Its population increased from 7.7 million in 1971 to 18.3 million in 2001 (Census of India, 2001) a nd is projected to increase to 22.4 million by 2011(MMRDA, 1999). (Journal on HOUSING TENURE FOR THE URBAN misfortunate A CASE STUDY OF MUMBAI CITY by Gaurang Desai and Madhura Yadav).Mumbai has gained immense prominence as one of the growing corporate and IT destinations in India. The Mumbai real estate scenario has been wistful of the burgeoning real estate sector of the country. The city has a mature and demand-led market driven by end users. Investors and HNIs have also been actively investing in various pre-hired properties with insurance, banking, IT/ITES, residential and retail sector occupants. Overall, there has been an increase in demand as well as communicate and an appreciation in the real estate values across various micro markets in the city.Economy of MumbaiThe per capita income of the city is Rs 66,360 which is trio times higher than the national income.It contributes 1/3 rd of the total income tax collection of the country.It contributes nearly 60 % of the total income generated from custom duty of the country.40 % of Indias foreign trade.Corporate tax collection of the city is Rs 40 billion.20 % of the total excise duty collection of the country.Mumbai Metropolitan region generates 5 % of the total GDP of the country.The island city of Mumbai is the economic growth engine and commercial capital of India. A combination of in-migration combined with a severe land shortage has resulted in Mumbai having one of the most expensive real estate in the world. As a result the city faces housing crisis with an estimated 60% of its total population living in spends, conform toing multiple informal housing tenures.Property Index of MumbaiDatabaseThis index is based on minimum database size of 20,000 data points every calendar month and the analysis has been drawn over a period outset Jan09. The prices of properties are obtained across micro-markets through property listings on the website as well as based on nationwide sales force.Index AlgorithmTh e interwoven algorithm takes into account the property prices as base and then factors in the demand and supply of residential properties for each of the cities covered by it. Care has been interpreted to give weight age to cities in line with the size of underlying property market.(Makaan.com)The Real-Estate market of Mumbai can be divided into three types-CommercialResidentialRetail Mall4.1 Commercial Real Estate MarketMumbais commercial market is divided into its traditional business districts and the recently unquestionable business addresses. The Central melodic line District (CBD) of the city is located in South Mumbai and comprises ofNariman Point very much said to be the Manhattan of India, Nariman Point has traditionally been the most attractive location for international companies, in particular international investment banks, insurance companies and consulting firms.The countrys operose within a gas constant of 1.5-2 km around the CBD are termed as the off-CBD l ocations, which includeChurchgate /Fort/ Fountain This district has traditionally ho employ the citys moving in and political science establishments. It also houses numerous National and International Banks.Cuffe Parade in the beginning an up market residential firmament with a host of high-rise buildings. Some celebrated commercial buildings same(p) the World Trade Centre and shaping machine Towers are located here.Ballard Estate A prime commercial world where the buildings have European Renaissance architecture.The off-CBD business centres of the city have expanded to include a number of areas mostly oriented towards central Mumbai deject Parel This industrial belt of Mumbai is transforming itself into a commercial hub of the city. This area is being developed on what utilize to be the textile mills. With mill land being freed for commercial, retail and residential development, the Lower Parel area will see massive supply of space. Currently, there are a number of retai l, entertainment and advertising companies located in Lower Parel. postgraduate bridle-path at Phoenix move is the most prominent retail development in this region.Worli-Prabhadevi The WorliPrabhadevi area has been a conventional stronghold of number of corporate piazzas. alike, there is also the presence of two malls Crossroads and Atria, in the stretch. The on-going Bandra-Worli sea link is evaluate to give a further fillip to this area.The Suburban Business Districts (SBDs) of the city comprise of the following locations(Image of the Bandra Kurla Complex)The Bandra-Kurla belt The Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC), which has been developed as an alternative business district to the CBD, has attracted a number of corporate. ICICI, National Stock Exchange, Wockhardt and ILFS are some of the important corporate located here.The Andheri-Kurla Belt This area is also an upcoming location of choice for IT/ITES companies, banks, insurance companies, etc. Some of the sought after Grade A buildings in this belt are Technopolis and longanimity Corporate Park where a number of corporate are relocating.The Malad-Goregaon Belt The Malad Goregoan belt has pose the preferred destination for IT/ITES companies due to the availability of large al-Qaida plates at competitive rentals. The superior quality of buildings offered at Mind blank shell is some other motivating factor for engineering companies looking for world-class amenities to come here.The Powai Belt some other suburb, the Powai belt is scoring well on the IT/ITeS front. The pricing in rental terms is homogeneous for Powai and Malad. there will be 600 new shopping centres by 2010. Indias burgeoning middle class will drive up nominal retail sales through 2010 by 10% p.a. At the same time, nonionised retail is becoming more important. At present organised retail accounts for a unmixed 3% of the total by 2010 this share will already have reached 10%. (Deutsche Bank Research 6 may,2006)The Peripheral Business D istrict (PBD) of the city consists ofNavi Mumbai Navi Mumbai is being developed as a counter attraction to Mumbai, with the basic objective of curbing further congestion in the city. The potential target audience, obscure from the subsisting residents, arises from the 40,000+ IT/ITES effort workforce travelling to Navi Mumbai daily. Consequently, the government has undertaken a number of initiatives to promote further development of IT ITES sector in Maharashtra state. These include formulation of a progressive sector-specific policy, development of IT parks and development of the Knowledge Corridor between Navi Mumbai and Pune. Sector 17 of Vashi and CBD Belapur were developed as the prime commercial areas for Navi Mumbai. A number of corporate have moved to Navi Mumbai, the largest amongst them being Reliance Industries. Millennium Business Park at Mahape and Airoli Knowledge Park at Airoli, developed by MIDC houses several IT/ITES companies like Aptech, CMS computers, Datamat ics, Mastek, TCS, Patni etc4.2 Residential Market ScenarioResidential real estate in Mumbai is today amongst the most expensive in the country.The key residential areas in the city are as followsThe south and central locations of the city like Colaba, Napean sea Road, Worli, Breach Candy and Pedder Road are the most preferred locations for leased accommodation for the senior(a) and expatriate staff.Amongst the key suburban locations, Bandra and Malad in the atomic number 7west and Powai in the northeast are equally preferred due to proximity from the emerging commercial/office locations.Other suburban residential micro-markets of Andheri, Goregaon and Mulund also fall in the preferred category. In fact, these areas are witnessing fresh construction activity with projects from prominent residential developers like K.Raheja, Oberoi Constructions, Royal Palms and the Runwal Group.Luxury housing projects, which have been traditionally concentrated in South and selective Central Mumba i locations, are now being planned in the suburban regions like Malad as well as peripheral districts. Currently, a number of IT/ITES companies have located there.The Central Mumbai belt consists of areas such as Mahalaxmi, Lower Parel, Worli, Parel,Byculla, Chinchpokli, Sewri, Wadala, Dadar, Matunga and Mahim.The micro markets of Worli are currently established markets and command a premium over other central Mumbai pockets. The current ongoing rates in Worli castrate between Rs. 25,000-30,000 per sq. ft.Lower Parel is fast emerging as a residential and commercial destination, with additional supplies expected from the mill lands.4.3 Mumbai Mill Lands(Image of an old Mill in Mumbai)Bombay had first developed as an industrial city through the growth and expansion of the cotton textile industry from the late cardinalth century to the nineteen forties. Now known as the Mill Lands, the textile industry was located in the central districts of the Island City. After World War II and In dependence, to the fifties, hexadties and seventies, the industrial base of the urban economy diversified into petroleum and chemic production, and then into petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and engineering industries. These new industries were mostly located on the eastern fringe of the Island City, in the Eastern suburbs, and in the seventies and eighties expanded to Thane and its meet district, as well as the Thane-Belapur belt flanking Navi Mumbai.Till the late seventies, the Cotton material mill were booming with activity but in 1982 things changed. The unorganized Powerloom sector had taken over and it was becoming uneconomical to maintain large-scale industrial units within the city limits on account of high power and Octroi costs. Moreover, the 18-month long disabling strike by the mill workers proved to be the final nail in the coffin. whole this led to huge losses and the running of the Cotton Textile Mills became unviable. Several mills were declared sick and a few even unsympathetic down their operations. Only a few managed to survive.The total area occupied by all the mills put together is approximately 605 acres (2,446,278.39 sq. mt.) on that point are three categories of ownership of the mills, namely, National Textile Mills (NTC), Maharashtra State Textile Corporation and Private Owners4.4 Mumbai embrasure Trust LandThe proposed release of Mumbai Port Trust (MbTP) land could change the face of the eastern waterfront in Mumbai.MbPT has about 40 acres of surplus land of which a substantial portion is on the environmentally sensitive eastern waterfront (areas such as Sewri, Wadala). outsized tracts of MbPT land had been leased out to private companies, several of whom have shifted their facilities to other areas, but tolerate to maintain a token presence on the leased land.With the construction of Trans- Harbour Link and the Special Economic Zone at Dronagiri this land is expected to turn out into a virtual goldmine. The Mb PT policy for commercial utilization of this land has been awaited for several months since the new board of trustees were not constituted. Now with 17 of the 21 trustees in place, the process of formulating the policy has been set in motion. The subcommittee is expected to unveil a plan of action when MbPT board meets on August 9.Besides the above, there are some Port Trust while that are being released in the market. These include a 28.39 hectare (approx. 70 acres) plat at Titwala, unoccupied lands in isolated pockets totalling to 5.17 hectare (approx. 14.5 acres) and a slum-encroached plot measuring 6.77 hectare (approx. 17 acres) on the eastern waterfront.Floor Space Index (FSI)FSI stands for Floor Space Index. Municipalities and Governments allow only a certain amount of FSI. otherwise there are possibilities of sky scrapers been constructed in narrow spaces that would be leading to parking and various other problems like the one existing in business district Manhattan. In Mumbai, FSI was first introduced in 1964 and the value than was 4.5 times. Over the years there were several changes make to the rule which depends broadly on the leading Municipal Corporation and the State Government.With an average of 2.9 m2 per person, the consumption of residential storey space in Mumbai is one of the final in the world. More than 50% of the citys population lives in slums. This type of record would be expected from a city in a desperate economic situation. However, this is not the case. Mumbai is a prosperous city with an expanding economy. (Mumbai FSI conundrum The perfect storm the four factors restricting the construction of new cornerstone space in Mumbai By Alain Bertaud 2004).The very low consumption of floor space coupled with very high real estate prices would suggest that a number of supply bottlenecks might be responsible. By comparing Mumbai to other metropolis in Asia it appears that indeed 4 factors are exceptional and contribute to the very lo w supply of floor spaceAn exceptional topography that reduces the amount of developable landA draconian and ill-conceived land use policy restricting the area of floor space which can be built on the pocket-sized land available.Muddled property rights preventing households and firms to freely trade land and floor space as a commodityA failure to develop major primary infrastructure engagements, which prevents the city to overcome its topographical constraint. In turn, the weakness of the infrastructure network is apply to justify the restrictive land use policy. (Alain Bertaud July fifteenth 2004).Comparing Mumbai to other similar sized Asian cities, (Bertaud 2004) found that within a radius of 25 km from the city centre, sea and water bodies withdraw 66% of the total area for Mumbai while it was 22% in the case of Jakarta and 5% for Seoul. Cities with such extreme topography often compensate for the lack of land by allowing the height of buildings to be increased. In the case of Mumbai however, this is not the case. While the Floor Space Index (FSI) in most large cities varies from 5 to 15 in the Central Business District (CBD) to about 0.5 in the suburbs, in Mumbai the FSI remains uniformly fixed at 1.33 for the Island City and 1.00 in the suburbs (Alain Bertaud, 2004).(The above subroutine shows the different FSI values in the city.)Transfer of ripening Rights (TDR)A cartelisation of Mumbais real estate, one of the costliest in the world, in the matter of transferable development rights has put upwardly pressure on prices and has also caused concern in policy circles.In case of Mumbai, TDRs were used initially to compensate plot owners whose development right was limit due to some public programmes like widening of roads etc. Later this was used for compensating owners of Heritage buildings who could not develop their lands. More recently they have been used in case of Slum Redevelopments where additional development rights could not be consumed on a plot due to over density reasons. There are also talks about using TDR for restoration of old buildings. Another detail about TDR is that it can be only used in the same or northern ward of the generating plot Hence you could see sudden additions to suburban buildings that have high property value.However, it also led to mucky and unplanned development in the suburbs. There was an increased the pressure on suburban infrastructure.In a recent development, just six-odd builders and developers hold 70 per cent of the 2.5-3 million sq ft TDR available. The price of TDR has also surged to Rs 2,500-Rs 3,000 per sq ft from Rs 800-1,000 sq ft in the past six months.Realty sector experts in Mumbai cartel had meant a rise in TDR prices practically every month. The development is a sequel to a 2008 ensnare of the High Court here, which stayed a state government decision to allow 33 per cent extra building rights (measured as more of Floor Space Index, or FSI, the ratio of what can be ere cted on a plot of land to its area) in return for more premium.Nainesh Shah, executive director of Everest Developers, argued that TDR rates can be brought down only by an increase in the stock of land and the government are the only entities that can make this happen. More land needfully to be released,Ashutosh Limaye, associate director, strategic consulting, Jones Lang LaSalle Meghraj, saidTDR trading follows the outdoors market principle. For areas that are popular and in demand for real estate development (Bandra, Chembur, repellant Parle, etc), land prices is high and it makes sense to buy TDR even at a higher rate.However, A Vile Parle-based activist and former builder, Bhagwanji Raiyani, filed a general Interest Litigation in the Bombay High Court ask for a total ban on TDR, following which the court in an interim order banned the use of TDR along the Eastern and Western programate Highways and the Eastern and Western suburban railway tracks.In the recent times, the g overnment is considering a end to increase floor space index (FSI) in the suburbs to two without taking the transfer of development rights (TDR) route. Under this, for example, a builder involved a slum project in Trombay gets the nod to transfer development rights to the north of the rehabilitation site. Because of this policy, the suburbs are witnessing the construction of tall towers, which use TDR.There has been a 100% rise in property prices in Mumbai, Thane and other places, primarily because of the high cost of TDR. If a builder buys TDR at Rs 4,500 per sq ft, he will have to add another Rs 4,500 per sq ft towards the cost of land and construction. This forces him to sell flats at Rs 10,000 per sq ft even in a distant suburb like Mulund, which is an absurd rate. No appreciation there is tremendous consumer resistance. Around 50% of the flats remain unsold because the prices are beyond an average buyers reach, (Subhash Runwal, former office-bearer of the Maharashtra Chamber of Housing Industry, describe in Times Of India).The demand for FSI is 10 crore sq ft per annum in the suburbs. If the government sells this at even Rs 2,500 crore, it can generate a whopping Rs 25,000 crore annually. Half of this revenue enhancement can be used for improving infrastructure in the suburbs and the rest for development work in the rest of the state.The Golden QuestionHow to design new FSI and TDR values for Mumbai? be after a spatial land use strategy based on current land values and future investments in transport (bridges, highways, metro, BRT). Identify high accessibility nodes.Divide the existing and future built-up areas into land use zones based on accessibility and on existing division of the areaIdentify and map the historical areas and natural areas that need to be protected, those that should not be redeveloped, and where the new FSI will not be appliedDesign regulations (FSI, % lot coverage, setbacks, etc) for each zone.Comprehensive plan ready and pass for the entire cityNo more TDRs are issued during preparation of plan, however, already issued but not yet used TDRs are honored.Progressive transition unexampled FSI plan prepared and approved for 2 or 3 main streets and high colour areas around new metro stations and bridge access.New TDRs can be issued but they have to be used in the areas already mapped for FSI increase. slowdown the comprehensive strategy is prepared and approved.More areas for FSI increase are prepared every year and where TDRs can be used.After 2 or 3 years new TDRs are issued only for slum redevelopment and for historical area protection.The above is just a model example of how the increase in FSI would solve the Real Estate problems in Mumbai. If the Government adopt the path which has been used in downtown Manhattan than it would reduce Real Estate prices in the city, assistance to relocated millions of people, abolish the TDR practice and the additional space could be used to improve the lagging infras tructure of the city.4.5 Mumbai Salt Pan Land http//infochangeindia.org/Agenda/Coastal-communities/Saltpan-city.htmlThe proposal of marriage to use saltpan lands first emerged in 2002 when the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) warned that it was running out of land and asked the state to release land belonging to various departments like defence, the Bombay Port Trust, and saltpan lands.In 2006, the then Union look for Commerce and Industries Kamal Nath and Ex Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh worked out a formula of developing saltpan lands on a no-profit-no-loss basis. The scheme proposed allowing private developers extra FSI for commercial purposes after setting aside 225 sq ft houses to accommodate slum-dwellers.In 2007, a committee of uEmerging Real Estate Market in MumbaiEmerging Real Estate Market in MumbaiIntroductionIndia has firmed up its place in the world business space prompting global business houses to sit up and take a fresh view on India as a business and investment destination. In the last two years, Indian economy has grown well despite natures fury or other global adverse events. India is fast establishing itself as an alternative to China in a variety of sectors, particularly IT-ITES, manufacturing, and real estate. The most spectacular resurgence has been that of the real estate sector, which is back in business with a bang.New projects, superior quality product, new growth corridors, increased infrastructure spending, falling cost of finance and interest, and growing capacity of common man in the key reasons behind the steady growth in real estate market. With stock market being highly volatile, investment in real estate has begun to look attractive and competitive with typical yields of 10-12% per annum are achievable, even though specific return is always linked to property specific factors, dynamics of real estate market and the overall economic performance.Real estate is fast turning out to be a c ompulsive investment bet as compared to other investment vehicles such as capital and debt markets, bullion market etc. It attracts investors by offering a possibility of stable income yields, moderate capital appreciation, tax structuring benefits and higher security being tangible asset. With these prime factors there are several micro factors responsible for the returns on investment and those are location of the property in macro and micro context, the usage of property, the quality of tenant, the capital value and achievable rental, the prevailing structures of property tax and stamp duty.The study includes the macro economic factors that make India a favourable investment destination. The purpose of the study is to give a comprehensive overview of the emerging Real Estate market of Mumbai. Todays market is at a stage of ambiguity so a detailed study is required in this respect. In the final report detailed analysis will be carried out by fragmenting the market into Residential , Commercial and Retail space. An overview of each of these markets is included in the current report. The study will also include what are the various financing options in the emerging markets currently. A detailed survey will be carried out for the final report based on a questionnaire and will be send out to the various players ( Private Equity funds, Domestic Financial institutions, Local Real Estate Developers and Property Consultants to assess the various options available for Fund raising. Currently an introduction is also included on the same.Characteristics of the Real Estate Market in IndiaWith reference to the availability of infrastructure facilities, following cities are currently attracting MNCs/corporate/real estate developersTier I cities, Mumbai (Commercial hub), Delhi (Political hub) and Bangalore (Technological hub)Preferred option for many new market entrantsCommand the highest international profiles and significant proportion of FDIOffer qualified labour pool an d the best infrastructure facilitiesExhibit development of sub-urban commercial real estateYield of 9.5 10%(Real Estate Sector The India Story Submitted by Miss Sonia Sahni Asst Manager Corporate and Investment Banking, ABN AMRO Bank, Nariman Point, Mumbai)2.0 Macro-Economic Factors IndiaBackground of the Economy of India during 2008 and early 2009Last year 2008 was quiet a setback for the real-estate sector in India after the boom of the previous three years where the property market registered a return of more than 30-40% every year. The sector had faced a down trend where the property prices corrected by over 30%. This was due to the sub-prime crisis in the United States and also the correcting Capital Markets and bankruptcy of the MNCs and the Banks. This resulted in loss of liquidity and hence a fall in demand. In August 2008 the inflation reached as high as 13% which forced a knee jerk reaction from the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) to cut the cash reserve ratio, the repo and the reverse repo rate which warranted the Banks to lend less and as a result of the further shortage in liquidity the real-estate market took a plunge.However, the economy has recovered by leaps and bounce and which is reflected by the chart belowSam Mahtani, emerging equities manager at FC, is confident on Indias economic prospects. Over the next 10 years, UBS estimates economic activity in India will increase by around 8.5% a year, a rate comparable with China and beyond the global average. We think that this growth rate could be achievable if Indian policymakers start to undertake structural reforms in the economy.Over the next five years, the government is committing an estimated US$500 billion to road, rail, port and other vitally needed upgrades. If the right legislation is put in place and managed effectively, this could represent the springboard for long-term economic growth rates in excess of Chinas, he believes.GDP of IndiaThe chart shows that the GDP growth rate of India and China are far ahead than any other country in the world. This shows that the standard of living in the country is high. GDP reflects the total income, the total output and the total expenditure of the country. The economy of the country is the twelfth largest in the world as per the recent market exchange rate and it is ranked number four as per purchasing power parity. It is the 2nd fastest growing economy in the world. The service sector of India contributes more than 50% to the GDP and real-Estate sector is the third largest among it. Mumbai is the sole largest contributor to the national GDP and the economics of Mumbai further supports the fact.The above figure shows the long term growth rate of GDP of India against the Developed counties of the World.Economy of India (mid 2009) and its impact on Real EstateHowever the economic condition of the country has improved in the last year. This was a great precedent for the Real-estate sector in India and especially Mumbai. It has always been witnessed during recession that the financial cities of the world take the hardest hit but on the other hand recovery is quickly as well. The inflation rate in India is 0.30% on 1st December 2009. The CRR is 5% and repo rate is 4.75% and reverse repo rate 3.25% which is commendable and which has increased liquidity in the market and as a result of this the property prices have gone up in the country. The stock market has recovered exceedingly well and it had an almost 50% rise than the last years index. This has further increased the confidence amongst the analysts and the investors. In Mumbai the property rates have accelerated and it is not far behind the rates which were witnessed during the boom period. Mumbai has seen a constant price in the property prices since mid 2009 due to the strengthening of the economy.Source CBRE report 2009By 2030 India will need up to 10 million new housing units per year. Rapid population growth, rising incomes, decreasing household siz es and a housing shortage of currently 20 million units will call for extensive residential construction. The financing of owner-occupied housing in particular holds out enormous market potential. (Deutsche Bank Report May 8, 2006).Population in IndiaIndia is the 2nd most populated country in the world at present after China. However, as per the numbers projected in a United Nations Report states that the Indian population would be more than the Chinese population by 2050.(Population of India is also set to take over China by 2050 as per the UN report.)1.0 MUMBAI OVERVIEWMumbai, the capital city of the state of Maharashtra, is the one of the largest metropolis in India. Known as the financial capital of the country, the city contributes almost 5% of Indias GDP. It is a multi-functional city with a vast array of economic opportunities, which has resulted in attracting a large migratory population from all over. The city sports a highly cosmopolitan environment with an intricate urba n structure. Mumbai has long been home to several large multinational companies and is invariably the first choice for a new organization entering India.Demographic PatternGreater Mumbai accounts for 13% of Maharashtras population and 1.2% of Indias population1. The rate of growth of population has gone down but has been higher than the growth rate of Maharashtra.Source Census of IndiaOver 1901-71 period, the population in the island city was steadily increasing and was more than that of the suburbs. However, during the last 3 decades the population growth in the island city has been negligible whereas that in the suburbs is increasing at a rapid rate. Among the suburbs, the western suburbs (ward H, K, P and R) are more densely populated than the Eastern suburbs (ward L, M, N, S and T). The following graph indicates the projected population growth in Greater Mumbai.The above graph further illustrates that the population of Mumbai is set of increase manifoldly, as against the other M etros of the country.2.0 MUMBAI REAL ESTATE MARKET OVERVIEWThe island city of Mumbai is the commercial capital and economic growth engine of India. Originally composed of seven small islands, land reclamation and infill carried out during the 18th and 19th century integrated these islands into a continuous peninsula (Deshpande and Arunachalam,1981). Beginning as a seaport on the west coast of the Indian peninsula, Mumbai has steadily diversified its economic base to include value-added manufacturing and financial services. The countrys central bank, the Reserve Bank of India and two of Indias largest stock exchanges, the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange are all located here. Mumbai accounts for one-tenth of factory employment and value-added manufacturing, while the port handles more than one-third of the total value of foreign trade (Deshpande, 1996), making the Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation one of the richest, with a budget of more than USD 1.2 billion ( Mohan, 2003), exceeding the budget of nine States and Union Territories of India. This economic growth is sustained by and in turn, drives the steady influx of migrants from rural and regional centres of the country.Consequently, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is one of the fastest growing regions of India. Its population increased from 7.7 million in 1971 to 18.3 million in 2001 (Census of India, 2001) and is projected to increase to 22.4 million by 2011(MMRDA, 1999). (Journal on HOUSING TENURE FOR THE URBAN POOR A CASE STUDY OF MUMBAI CITY by Gaurang Desai and Madhura Yadav).Mumbai has gained immense prominence as one of the growing corporate and IT destinations in India. The Mumbai real estate scenario has been reflective of the burgeoning real estate sector of the country. The city has a mature and demand-led market driven by end users. Investors and HNIs have also been actively investing in various pre-leased properties with insurance, banking, IT/ITES, residential and re tail sector occupants. Overall, there has been an increase in demand as well as supply and an appreciation in the real estate values across various micro markets in the city.Economy of MumbaiThe per capita income of the city is Rs 66,360 which is three times higher than the national income.It contributes 1/3 rd of the total income tax collection of the country.It contributes nearly 60 % of the total income generated from custom duty of the country.40 % of Indias foreign trade.Corporate tax collection of the city is Rs 40 billion.20 % of the total excise duty collection of the country.Mumbai Metropolitan region generates 5 % of the total GDP of the country.The island city of Mumbai is the economic growth engine and commercial capital of India. A combination of in-migration combined with a severe land shortage has resulted in Mumbai having one of the most expensive real estate in the world. As a result the city faces housing crisis with an estimated 60% of its total population living in slums, adopting multiple informal housing tenures.Property Index of MumbaiDatabaseThis index is based on minimum database size of 20,000 data points every month and the analysis has been drawn over a period starting Jan09. The prices of properties are obtained across micro-markets through property listings on the website as well as based on nationwide sales force.Index AlgorithmThe complex algorithm takes into account the property prices as base and then factors in the demand and supply of residential properties for each of the cities covered by it. Care has been taken to give weight age to cities in line with the size of underlying property market.(Makaan.com)The Real-Estate market of Mumbai can be divided into three types-CommercialResidentialRetail Mall4.1 Commercial Real Estate MarketMumbais commercial market is divided into its traditional business districts and the recently developed business addresses. The Central Business District (CBD) of the city is located in South Mu mbai and comprises ofNariman Point Often said to be the Manhattan of India, Nariman Point has traditionally been the most attractive location for international companies, in particular international investment banks, insurance companies and consulting firms.The areas concentrated within a radius of 1.5-2 km around the CBD are termed as the off-CBD locations, which includeChurchgate /Fort/ Fountain This district has traditionally housed the citys Business and Government establishments. It also houses numerous National and International Banks.Cuffe Parade Primarily an up market residential area with a host of high-rise buildings. Some notable commercial buildings like the World Trade Centre and Maker Towers are located here.Ballard Estate A prime commercial area where the buildings have European Renaissance architecture.The off-CBD business centres of the city have expanded to include a number of areas mostly oriented towards central MumbaiLower Parel This industrial belt of Mumba i is transforming itself into a commercial hub of the city. This area is being developed on what used to be the textile mills. With mill land being freed for commercial, retail and residential development, the Lower Parel area will see massive supply of space. Currently, there are a number of retail, entertainment and advertising companies located in Lower Parel. High Street at Phoenix Mills is the most prominent retail development in this region.Worli-Prabhadevi The WorliPrabhadevi area has been a conventional stronghold of number of corporate offices. Besides, there is also the presence of two malls Crossroads and Atria, in the stretch. The ongoing Bandra-Worli sea link is expected to give a further fillip to this area.The Suburban Business Districts (SBDs) of the city comprise of the following locations(Image of the Bandra Kurla Complex)The Bandra-Kurla belt The Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC), which has been developed as an alternative business district to the CBD, has attracted a n umber of corporate. ICICI, National Stock Exchange, Wockhardt and ILFS are some of the important corporate located here.The Andheri-Kurla Belt This area is also an upcoming location of choice for IT/ITES companies, banks, insurance companies, etc. Some of the sought after Grade A buildings in this belt are Technopolis and Solitaire Corporate Park where a number of corporate are relocating.The Malad-Goregaon Belt The Malad Goregoan belt has become the preferred destination for IT/ITES companies due to the availability of large floor plates at competitive rentals. The superior quality of buildings offered at MindSpace is another motivating factor for technology companies looking for world-class amenities to come here.The Powai Belt Another suburb, the Powai belt is scoring well on the IT/ITeS front. The pricing in rental terms is similar for Powai and Malad.There will be 600 new shopping centres by 2010. Indias burgeoning middle class will drive up nominal retail sales through 2010 by 10% p.a. At the same time, organised retail is becoming more important. At present organised retail accounts for a mere 3% of the total by 2010 this share will already have reached 10%. (Deutsche Bank Research 6 may,2006)The Peripheral Business District (PBD) of the city consists ofNavi Mumbai Navi Mumbai is being developed as a counter magnet to Mumbai, with the basic objective of curbing further congestion in the city. The potential target audience, apart from the existing residents, arises from the 40,000+ IT/ITES industry workforce travelling to Navi Mumbai daily. Consequently, the government has undertaken a number of initiatives to promote further development of IT ITES sector in Maharashtra state. These include formulation of a progressive sector-specific policy, development of IT parks and development of the Knowledge Corridor between Navi Mumbai and Pune. Sector 17 of Vashi and CBD Belapur were developed as the prime commercial areas for Navi Mumbai. A number of corporate have moved to Navi Mumbai, the largest amongst them being Reliance Industries. Millennium Business Park at Mahape and Airoli Knowledge Park at Airoli, developed by MIDC houses several IT/ITES companies like Aptech, CMS computers, Datamatics, Mastek, TCS, Patni etc4.2 Residential Market ScenarioResidential real estate in Mumbai is today amongst the most expensive in the country.The key residential areas in the city are as followsThe south and central locations of the city like Colaba, Napean Sea Road, Worli, Breach Candy and Pedder Road are the most preferred locations for leased accommodation for the senior and expatriate staff.Amongst the key suburban locations, Bandra and Malad in the northwest and Powai in the northeast are equally preferred due to proximity from the emerging commercial/office locations.Other suburban residential micro-markets of Andheri, Goregaon and Mulund also fall in the preferred category. In fact, these areas are witnessing fresh construction activity with projects from prominent residential developers like K.Raheja, Oberoi Constructions, Royal Palms and the Runwal Group.Luxury housing projects, which have been traditionally concentrated in South and selective Central Mumbai locations, are now being planned in the suburban regions like Malad as well as peripheral districts. Currently, a number of IT/ITES companies have located there.The Central Mumbai belt consists of areas such as Mahalaxmi, Lower Parel, Worli, Parel,Byculla, Chinchpokli, Sewri, Wadala, Dadar, Matunga and Mahim.The micro markets of Worli are currently established markets and command a premium over other central Mumbai pockets. The current ongoing rates in Worli vary between Rs. 25,000-30,000 per sq. ft.Lower Parel is fast emerging as a residential and commercial destination, with additional supplies expected from the mill lands.4.3 Mumbai Mill Lands(Image of an old Mill in Mumbai)Bombay had first developed as an industrial city through the growth and expansion of th e cotton textile industry from the late nineteenth century to the nineteen forties. Now known as the Mill Lands, the textile industry was located in the central districts of the Island City. After World War II and Independence, to the fifties, sixties and seventies, the industrial base of the urban economy diversified into petroleum and chemical production, and then into petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and engineering industries. These new industries were mostly located on the eastern fringe of the Island City, in the Eastern suburbs, and in the seventies and eighties expanded to Thane and its surrounding district, as well as the Thane-Belapur belt flanking Navi Mumbai.Till the late seventies, the Cotton Textile Mills were booming with activity but in 1982 things changed. The unorganized Powerloom sector had taken over and it was becoming uneconomical to maintain large-scale industrial units within the city limits on account of high power and Octroi costs. Moreover, the 18-month long crippling strike by the mill workers proved to be the final nail in the coffin. All this led to huge losses and the running of the Cotton Textile Mills became unviable. Several mills were declared sick and a few even shut down their operations. Only a few managed to survive.The total area occupied by all the mills put together is approximately 605 acres (2,446,278.39 sq. mt.) There are three categories of ownership of the mills, namely, National Textile Mills (NTC), Maharashtra State Textile Corporation and Private Owners4.4 Mumbai Port Trust LandThe proposed release of Mumbai Port Trust (MbTP) land could change the face of the eastern waterfront in Mumbai.MbPT has about 40 acres of surplus land of which a substantial portion is on the environmentally sensitive eastern waterfront (areas such as Sewri, Wadala). Large tracts of MbPT land had been leased out to private companies, several of whom have shifted their facilities to other areas, but continue to maintain a token presence on the leased land.With the construction of Trans- Harbour Link and the Special Economic Zone at Dronagiri this land is expected to turn out into a virtual goldmine. The MbPT policy for commercial utilization of this land has been awaited for several months since the new board of trustees were not constituted. Now with 17 of the 21 trustees in place, the process of formulating the policy has been set in motion. The subcommittee is expected to unveil a plan of action when MbPT board meets on August 9.Besides the above, there are some Port Trust plot that are being released in the market. These include a 28.39 hectare (approx. 70 acres) plot at Titwala, vacant lands in isolated pockets totalling to 5.17 hectare (approx. 14.5 acres) and a slum-encroached plot measuring 6.77 hectare (approx. 17 acres) on the eastern waterfront.Floor Space Index (FSI)FSI stands for Floor Space Index. Municipalities and Governments allow only a certain amount of FSI. Otherwise there are pos sibilities of sky scrapers been constructed in narrow spaces that would be leading to parking and various other problems like the one existing in downtown Manhattan. In Mumbai, FSI was first introduced in 1964 and the value than was 4.5 times. Over the years there were several changes made to the rule which depends broadly on the leading Municipal Corporation and the State Government.With an average of 2.9 m2 per person, the consumption of residential floor space in Mumbai is one of the lowest in the world. More than 50% of the citys population lives in slums. This type of record would be expected from a city in a desperate economic situation. However, this is not the case. Mumbai is a prosperous city with an expanding economy. (Mumbai FSI conundrum The perfect storm the four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai By Alain Bertaud 2004).The very low consumption of floor space coupled with very high real estate prices would suggest that a number of supply bottlenecks might be responsible. By comparing Mumbai to other metropolis in Asia it appears that indeed 4 factors are exceptional and contribute to the very low supply of floor spaceAn exceptional topography that reduces the amount of developable landA draconian and ill-conceived land use policy restricting the area of floor space which can be built on the little land available.Muddled property rights preventing households and firms to freely trade land and floor space as a commodityA failure to develop major primary infrastructure networks, which prevents the city to overcome its topographical constraint. In turn, the weakness of the infrastructure network is used to justify the restrictive land use policy. (Alain Bertaud July 15th 2004).Comparing Mumbai to other similar sized Asian cities, (Bertaud 2004) found that within a radius of 25 km from the city centre, sea and water bodies occupy 66% of the total area for Mumbai while it was 22% in the case of Jakarta and 5% for Seoul. C ities with such extreme topography often compensate for the lack of land by allowing the height of buildings to be increased. In the case of Mumbai however, this is not the case. While the Floor Space Index (FSI) in most large cities varies from 5 to 15 in the Central Business District (CBD) to about 0.5 in the suburbs, in Mumbai the FSI remains uniformly fixed at 1.33 for the Island City and 1.00 in the suburbs (Alain Bertaud, 2004).(The above map shows the different FSI values in the city.)Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)A cartelisation of Mumbais real estate, one of the costliest in the world, in the matter of transferable development rights has put upward pressure on prices and has also caused concern in policy circles.In case of Mumbai, TDRs were used initially to compensate plot owners whose development right was restricted due to some public programmes like widening of roads etc. Later this was used for compensating owners of Heritage buildings who could not develop their lands. More recently they have been used in case of Slum Redevelopments where additional development rights could not be consumed on a plot due to over density reasons. There are also talks about using TDR for redevelopment of old buildings. Another detail about TDR is that it can be only used in the same or northern ward of the generating plot Hence you could see sudden additions to suburban buildings that have high property value.However, it also led to haphazard and unplanned development in the suburbs. There was an increased the pressure on suburban infrastructure.In a recent development, just six-odd builders and developers hold 70 per cent of the 2.5-3 million sq ft TDR available. The price of TDR has also surged to Rs 2,500-Rs 3,000 per sq ft from Rs 800-1,000 sq ft in the past six months.Realty sector experts in Mumbai cartel had meant a rise in TDR prices practically every month. The development is a sequel to a 2008 order of the High Court here, which stayed a state gover nment decision to allow 33 per cent extra building rights (measured as more of Floor Space Index, or FSI, the ratio of what can be erected on a plot of land to its area) in return for more premium.Nainesh Shah, executive director of Everest Developers, argued that TDR rates can be brought down only by an increase in the stock of land and the government are the only entities that can make this happen. More land needs to be released,Ashutosh Limaye, associate director, strategic consulting, Jones Lang LaSalle Meghraj, saidTDR trading follows the open market principle. For areas that are popular and in demand for real estate development (Bandra, Chembur, Vile Parle, etc), land prices is high and it makes sense to buy TDR even at a higher rate.However, A Vile Parle-based activist and former builder, Bhagwanji Raiyani, filed a Public Interest Litigation in the Bombay High Court asking for a total ban on TDR, following which the court in an interim order banned the use of TDR along the Ea stern and Western Express Highways and the Eastern and Western suburban railway tracks.In the recent times, the government is considering a proposal to increase floor space index (FSI) in the suburbs to two without taking the transfer of development rights (TDR) route. Under this, for example, a builder involved a slum project in Trombay gets the nod to transfer development rights to the north of the rehabilitation site. Because of this policy, the suburbs are witnessing the construction of tall towers, which use TDR.There has been a 100% rise in property prices in Mumbai, Thane and other places, primarily because of the high cost of TDR. If a builder buys TDR at Rs 4,500 per sq ft, he will have to add another Rs 4,500 per sq ft towards the cost of land and construction. This forces him to sell flats at Rs 10,000 per sq ft even in a distant suburb like Mulund, which is an absurd rate. No wonder there is tremendous consumer resistance. Around 50% of the flats remain unsold because th e prices are beyond an average buyers reach, (Subhash Runwal, former office-bearer of the Maharashtra Chamber of Housing Industry, reported in Times Of India).The demand for FSI is 10 crore sq ft per annum in the suburbs. If the government sells this at even Rs 2,500 crore, it can generate a whopping Rs 25,000 crore annually. Half of this revenue can be used for improving infrastructure in the suburbs and the rest for development work in the rest of the state.The Golden QuestionHow to design new FSI and TDR values for Mumbai?Design a spatial land use strategy based on current land values and future investments in transport (bridges, highways, metro, BRT). Identify high accessibility nodes.Divide the existing and future built-up areas into land use zones based on accessibility and on existing character of the areaIdentify and map the historical areas and natural areas that need to be protected, those that should not be redeveloped, and where the new FSI will not be appliedDesign regu lations (FSI, % lot coverage, setbacks, etc) for each zone.Comprehensive plan ready and approved for the entire cityNo more TDRs are issued during preparation of plan, however, already issued but not yet used TDRs are honored.Progressive transitionNew FSI plan prepared and approved for 2 or 3 main streets and high intensity areas around new metro stations and bridge access.New TDRs can be issued but they have to be used in the areas already mapped for FSI increase.Meanwhile the comprehensive strategy is prepared and approved.More areas for FSI increase are prepared every year and where TDRs can be used.After 2 or 3 years new TDRs are issued only for slum redevelopment and for historical area protection.The above is just a model example of how the increase in FSI would solve the Real Estate problems in Mumbai. If the Government adopt the path which has been used in downtown Manhattan than it would reduce Real Estate prices in the city, help to relocated millions of people, abolish th e TDR practice and the additional space could be used to improve the lagging infrastructure of the city.4.5 Mumbai Salt Pan Land http//infochangeindia.org/Agenda/Coastal-communities/Saltpan-city.htmlThe proposal to use saltpan lands first emerged in 2002 when the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) warned that it was running out of land and asked the state to release land belonging to various departments like defence, the Bombay Port Trust, and saltpan lands.In 2006, the then Union Minister for Commerce and Industries Kamal Nath and Ex Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh worked out a formula of developing saltpan lands on a no-profit-no-loss basis. The scheme proposed allowing private developers extra FSI for commercial purposes after setting aside 225 sq ft houses to accommodate slum-dwellers.In 2007, a committee of u

Japan and America History and Culture Comparison

Japan and America business relationship and Culture ComparisonJanette B. Perez comparing a Culture and its EducationThe Correlation of the Two What Prevails?The join States of America is a country that is largely populated by immigrants, and the market-gardening is heavily influenced by the many throngs of people that now make up the country. Culture could be defined as the characteristics and knowledge shared by a particular group of people, defined by everything from langu eon, religion, cuisine, companionable habits, music and arts. Acculturation however, refers to the development between two or more different groups of people meeting and exchanging aspects of their polish. With time an individuals temper may transition based on the different variables that may be affecting it and that plays a pivotal role in acculturation. Would you say that world hale to change your lifestyle from one moment to the next affect your reputation? During World warfare II, Japanese-America ns were evacuated and were forced out of their homes by the War Relocation asc oddmentency having to live apart from what they knew could have changed some parts of the tillage they had been brought up with, including their education. Although, each person may aspire different goals in regards to their education, during the World War II era, Japanese-Americans had to adapt to the conditions in the relocated facilities and the educational programs provided to them. Meanwhile many Japanese-Americans were also dealing with a clash of culture between these two countries. In this research paper, I will summarize and critique each article, one on the education systems of Japanese-American relocation centers during World War II and the other on the culture of Japanese-Americans and their acculturation to the get together States many conclusions can be obtained and compared from both of the articles mentioned that will inference whether there is any correlation between culture and instr uction.To bulk off article one, keep this in mind What is the difference between culture and acculturation? Furthermore, how are these related or can the two modify to form to make an individual transition into something new.Acculturation of Personality A Three-Culture Study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European AmericansThis article begins with the question Does an immigrants personality change when he or she moves from one culture to another? There is definitely an underlying idea in this sentence that will help us explore the stay of the article (Gungor et al., 2012). Can culture shape the personality of a person or vice versa can personalities be molded far enough to were the culture in a particular group of individuals becomes something entirely different or does it change only to a certain extent. To answer these questions a three-culture study between Japanese, Japanese-Americans, and European-Americans was conducted to show if there was any evidence that a strong-r ooted culture like that of the Japanese immigrants could be influenced thus causing change in Japanese-Americans after being in contact with the American Culture and how it would differ.The researches chose to focus on Japanese-Americans because the personality patterns in their culture of origin (Japanese Culture) are very different to that of European-Americans showing unequivocal contrast if change occurs, for example, when compared on Big Five personality dimensions, higher levels of Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness and lower of Neuroticism have been found to characterize the personality patterns of mainstream European and North American societies as compared to those of Asian and African societies (Gungor et al. 2012) In order to establish credibility, participants were selected very carefully and included, 57 mono-cultural Japanese women (strong-rooted in their culture of origin), 40 Japanese-American women(first generation), and 60 E uropean-American women (culture of destination). The examination showed the groups levels of the Big Five qualities mentioned. The differences and similarities between the three cultures were calculated and documented. It was concluded that all over time through involvement and exposure to mainstream culture in the United States an immigrants personality seemed to become more American and less Japanese.Something to argument about this research is that it is very well categorized from beginning to end with each paragraph containing a specific title explaining the questions this experiment is trying to find answers to, as well as how the method was performed. The article is structured to earlier help us better understand the dilemma faced by the authors, followed by their hypothesis in how the culture of origin of an immigrant can slowly transition into the culture of the location they are unresolved to. Finally, it demonstrates the outline of the experiment, including how the par ticipants were selected, why those conditions were chosen, the results of the study, how thee were calculated, and the translation of them followed with the physical evidence of the research.I believe that the authors made incredible points of focus that were explained exhaustively and supported with the results. Not only did they use the research that they conducted as the main source of evidence, but also backed-up there results with similar studies conducted by other scientists to proof that this experiment can have a broader audience and that the material is relevant and truthful. Overall, research was conducted well the specifications of the participants selected had to keep in mind the two cultures compared and see how it differed in three characterized individuals. To determine culture of origin fifty seven women were selected from Tokyo, Japan-through a survey this cultures Big Five was calculated into a number. On the other hand, lux women from another metropolitan area we re surveyed to portray the Big Five in European-American. The samples surveyed were targeted to be as close as possible in terms of age range, social status, and their contributing roles in society in order to maximize comparability and find the acculturation factor (Gungor et al. 2012). In an effort to demonstrate that over time personalities change due to exposure to the mainstream culture (in this case European-American culture), the first generation Japanese-American subjects selected for the study were slightly older than the other two categorized groups however, their social statuses and roles were kept very similar. The final results portrayed that in fact, there is a correlation between the time spent by Japanese-Americans, and the age at which they were exposed to a new destination and the American culture. This experiment concludes that culture of origin diminishes over time and culture of destination grows.Continuing into the second article, it is important to note the fo llowing The decision to evacuate the entire Japanese-American community during World War II was unprecedented and executed quickly. In addition to being secluded from their homes and communities, how do these circumstances affect Japanese and Japanese-American daily lives, including their education.The Education of Japanese-Americans, 1942-1946During World War II many events impacted the entire world and in the 1940s the United States of America was not the exception. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the day of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, would live in infamy. This attack fully propelled the United States into the ongoing world war. During the spring and summer of 1942, the United States executed, in a surprisingly short amount of time and without conflicting events, one of the largest controlled migrations in history. The transaction was carried out by the United States Army and the War Relocation Authority. An estimated 120,000 people of Ja panese descent were moved from their homes and placed into 10 wartime communities located in irrelevant areas between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Mississippi River. It was estimated that two thirds of these individuals were American born while the remainder where alien immigrants.Works CitedCullen, Catherine L. The Education of Japanese-Americans,1942-1946 The Fate of Democratic Reform.American Educational History Journal 38.1 (2011) 197-218.Gungor, D., M. H. Bornstein, J. De Leersnyder, L. Cote, E. Ceulemans, and B. Mesquita. Acculturation of Personality A Three-Culture Study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European Americans.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44.5 (2012) 701-18. Web.